2026-10-06T22:55:01Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34073494 2026-10-05T17:48:59Z category_7 category_14 category_21 category_272 category_61 category_62 category_64 category_132 category_134 category_135 portal_5 item_type_3 month_year_10_2026

<p>R functions and packages.</p> Danyang Wang (719545) Kevin D. Matson (8930723) Anouschka R. Hof (8034674) Eduardo Berriatua (760892) Carla Maia (349844) Federica Bruno (9167541) Germano Castelli (9167538) Pedro Pérez Cutillas (25317235) Jose Risueño Iranzo (25317238) Elena Verdú Serrano (25317241) Fabrizio Vitale (3569492) Ângela Cristina Gomes Xufre (25317244) Frank van Langevelde (168068) Medicine Molecular Biology Biotechnology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Developmental Biology Marine Biology Cancer Infectious Diseases Virology Computational Biology suggesting potential implications one health approach impacts varied among human immunosuppressive condition five countries studied human immunosuppressive conditions socioeconomic risk factors possible biodiversity regulation xlink "> leishmaniasis xlink "> risk factors leishmaniasis risk human leishmaniasis housing conditions specific factors leishmaniasis within leishmaniasis incidence vector hazard variables related tested associations strongly associated southern europe social scientists results suggest results highlight reservoir abundance prevention policies negatively related major drivers leishmania </ land use involves epidemiologists highly correlated high risks free regions e ., disease prevention disease control <div> <p>Background</p><p>Leishmaniasis is endemic in southern Europe with high risks of outbreaks and geographical spread. However, the risk factors for human leishmaniasis are understudied in this region.</p> <p>Methodology</p><p>To evaluate these risk factors, we tested associations between leishmaniasis incidence and an array of variables related to socioeconomics, immunocompetence, climate, land use, biodiversity, and ecology (i.e., the pathogen and its vectors and reservoirs).</p> <p>Findings</p><p>Socioeconomic factors, such as demography, occupation, and housing conditions, were strongly associated with leishmaniasis incidence in endemic regions. The specific factors and the magnitude of their impacts varied among the five countries studied. Human immunosuppressive condition was highly correlated with leishmaniasis risk in Spain and Italy. Climate likely delineated leishmaniasis-free regions from endemic regions in France. Our results suggest that climate change alone may not drive the spread of leishmaniasis within this century. Pathogen hazard and reservoir abundance affected leishmaniasis risk more than vector hazard in countries where data were available. Biodiversity was weakly, negatively related to leishmaniasis.</p> <p>Significance</p><p>Our results highlight the importance of socioeconomic risk factors and immunosuppression for human leishmaniasis, suggesting potential implications for disease control and prevention policies. Surveillance of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. in humans, vectors, and reservoirs; assessment of reservoir abundance; and data accessibility are crucial for disease prevention and preparedness. Because of possible biodiversity regulation, efforts to understand and control leishmaniasis could benefit from a One Health approach that involves epidemiologists, social scientists, and ecologists, among others.</p></div> 2026-10-05T17:48:57Z Dataset Dataset 10.1371/journal.pntd.0014787.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/_p_R_functions_and_packages_p_/34073494 CC BY 4.0