2026-10-12T17:01:20Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34052932 2026-10-02T04:03:34Z category_24 category_272 category_39 category_734 category_61 category_106 category_133 portal_63 item_type_3 month_year_10_2026

Decentralized Solar-Driven Plant Factories Secure an Adequate Global Vegetable Supply beyond the Electricity Grid and Water Limitations Chao Wang (146527) Deshuai Zhang (18439682) Yihan Wang (668133) Chen Chen (6544) Canjie Lin (25160944) Yang Liu (4829) Changting Wang (12176930) Wenbin Wang (404991) Jianping Cao (41543) Bei Liu (311802) Lingyue Zhang (8769485) Khaled Bin Bandar (25160947) Mohammed A. Alhussaini (25160950) Abdulaziz S. Alquwaizany (25160953) Eydhah Almatrafi (12295334) Mohammed Alyafei (20810153) Ahmed Al Raeesi (25160956) Dalal Matar Al Shamsi (25160959) Mohsen Sherif (9427303) Mariam Al Ali Al-Maadeed (10320289) Haicheng Zhang (639167) Peng Wang (34436) Evolutionary Biology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Ecology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Developmental Biology Science Policy Plant Biology weighted levelized costs reduce agricultural nitrogen natural resource endowments leveraging mostly non average cost advantage across six scenarios 95 tg yr 8 – 4 600 g capita staple food production integrate solar photovoltaics field vegetable production existing production benchmarks clean vegetable production atmospheric water harvesting 166 comparable countries oasis significantly expands creating supply instabilities 0 usd kg 2 </ sup local water income countries decoupling production decentralized solar technically mature plant factories phosphorus losses oasis ). loss case least 98 land conservation increasingly constrained idealized zero estimated global cropland substitution climate volatility area suitable arable land advance resilient 26 low 000 km Conventional open-field vegetable production is increasingly constrained by climate volatility and natural resource endowments, creating supply instabilities and shortages that threaten global food resilience and human health. Here, we integrate solar photovoltaics and atmospheric water harvesting with plant factories, creating a technically mature <b>o</b>ff-grid <b>a</b>gricultural <b>s</b>ystem using plant factor<b>i</b>e<b>s</b> (OASIS). By decoupling production from local water and grid infrastructure, OASIS significantly expands the area suitable for cultivation. Globally, OASIS can meet the recommended upper vegetable intake (600 g capita^–1 day^–1) for at least 98.3% of the population, leveraging mostly non-arable land. Cropland substitution could spare approximately 578,000 km² for staple food production and, under the idealized zero-operational-loss case, reduce agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus losses by up to 9.90 and 0.95 Tg yr^–1, respectively. Estimated global, production-weighted levelized costs were 3.8–4.0 USD kg^–1 across six scenarios. Under the 600 g capita^–1 day^–1 scenario with cropland substitution, OASIS offered cost advantages over existing production benchmarks in 115 of 166 comparable countries, including all 26 low-income countries, which could meet modeled supply targets with a 32.2% average cost advantage. These results highlight OASIS’s potential to advance resilient, clean vegetable production and the Sustainable Development Goals across food security, health, and land conservation. 2026-10-02T00:00:00Z Dataset Dataset 10.1021/acs.est.6c09553.s002 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Decentralized_Solar-Driven_Plant_Factories_Secure_an_Adequate_Global_Vegetable_Supply_beyond_the_Electricity_Grid_and_Water_Limitations/34052932 CC BY-NC 4.0