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oai:figshare.com:article/34048519 2026-10-01T17:34:08Z category_8 category_12 category_14 category_16 category_272 category_39 category_45 category_46 category_734 category_61 category_128 portal_5 item_type_1 month_year_10_2026

<p>The characteristics of NET formation captured by a fluorescence microscope (original magnification, 200 × ; scale bars = 50 μm) showing neutrophils co-cultured with PMA (100 ng/mL; positive control) or <i>Pythium</i> zoospores.</p> Pasinee Sangsiwarit (23748827) Wisitsak Phoksawat (25157794) Nattiya Teawtrakul (6490541) Sonwit Phanabamrung (22918172) Parama Budmala (25157797) Ariya Chindamporn (430921) Pratsanee Hiengrach (6208559) Microbiology Cell Biology Molecular Biology Physiology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Ecology Sociology Immunology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Developmental Biology Hematology remain incompletely understood impaired host defense ex vivo </ neutrophil extracellular trap higher fungal burdens pythium insidiosum </ including killing activity div >< p using neutrophils isolated thalassemia patients exposed insidiosum </ killing activity significantly higher neutrophil functions phagocytic activity neutrophils isolated isolated neutrophils underlying mechanisms tropical regions threatening disease therapeutic strategies significantly diminished phagocytic capacity patient group often life iron overload increased susceptibility immune dysregulation human pythiosis highly susceptible healthy group healthy controls functional alterations findings demonstrate contributed mechanistically causative agent <p>The nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue), neutrophil elastase (NE; green), and myeloperoxidase (MPO; red), with merged images used for identification of NETs of healthy donors (A) and β-thalassemia patients (B). The percentage of NET-releasing neutrophils was quantified relative to the negative control (unstimulated neutrophils) (C), which was expressed as the number of MPO-positive cells (D) and NE-positive cells (E) per 100 neutrophils. The data are shown as the mean ± S.E.M., ****, <i>p-value <</i> <i>0.0001; **, p-value = 0.0012; *, p-value = 0.0219; ns, p-value > 0.0001</i> MOI 1 of β-thalassemia patients vs. MOI 1 of healthy controls, using One-way ANOVA analysis (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as follows: NE, neutrophil elastase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; PMA, 12-myristate 13-acetate; Neu, neutrophils; Neu (H), neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals; Neu (Pt), neutrophils isolated from β-thalassemia patients; MOI 1 (H), co-incubation of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals with <i>P. insidiosum</i> zoospores at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1; MOI 1 (Pt), co-incubation of neutrophils isolated from β-thalassemia patients with <i>P. insidiosum</i> zoospores at MOI of 1.</p> 2026-10-01T17:34:01Z Image Figure 10.1371/journal.pone.0359846.g002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/_p_The_characteristics_of_NET_formation_captured_by_a_fluorescence_microscope_original_magnification_200_scale_bars_50_m_showing_neutrophils_co-cultured_with_PMA_100_ng_mL_positive_control_or_i_Pythium_i_zoospores_p_/34048519 CC BY 4.0