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Dual-Modulation Strategy
in RuO<sub>x</sub> Improves Activity and Durability
in Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Jun-Ye Zhang (4448392)
Hsiang-Chun Yu (16857100)
Yiqing Chen (181509)
Mengjie Liu (573303)
Jaerim Kim (774458)
Yongxiang Liang (7256354)
Bosi Peng (1574326)
Zeyan Liu (3748747)
Zedong Zhang (9187345)
Yong Wang (12837)
Jiashun Liang (5873180)
Gang Wu (23885)
Chun-Kuo Peng (7826285)
Yoon Jun Son (4591408)
Yan-Gu Lin (1575901)
Ke Xie (600650)
Edward H. Sargent (1363284)
Biochemistry
Medicine
Neuroscience
Evolutionary Biology
Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Computational Biology
multimetal oxide catalysts
membrane water electrolyzers
density functional theory
suppresses structural degradation
commercial electrolyzers require
buffers metal overoxidation
one contribution along
2 mv h
modulation approach intended
7 </ sub
2 </ sub
sub >< italic
1 </ sub
x </
sub ><
degradation rate
approach may
one redox
one lattice
800 h
commercial durability
stabilizing dopant
short compared
ru overoxidation
oxidative conditions
optimized composition
modulation strategy
lattice breakdown
isotope labeling
improves activity
improve activity
hydrogen production
cooperative suppression
active dopant
66 v
Durable
oxygen evolution catalysts are needed for proton-exchange-membrane
water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) for hydrogen production. Ruthenium-based
oxides offer high activity in acids but suffer from instability under
oxidative conditions. Here, we study a dual-modulation approach intended
to improve activity and durability together: we couple two functionally
distinct dopants, one redox-active dopant that buffers metal overoxidation
and one lattice-stabilizing dopant that suppresses structural degradation.
This strategy, studied using operando spectroscopy, isotope labeling,
and density functional theory, provides a cooperative suppression
of Ru overoxidation and lattice breakdown. Implemented in a Ru–Mn–Ti
oxide system, the optimized composition, Ru<sub>0.7</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>Ti<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub><i>x</i></sub>, reaches 143 mV overpotential
at 10 mA cm<sup>–2</sup> and enables a proton exchange membrane
water electrolyzer device to operate for 800 h at 1 A cm<sup>–2</sup> and 1.66 V with a degradation rate of 0.2 mV h<sup>–1</sup>. The approach may be useful for designing other multimetal oxide
catalysts. We note that 800 h is short compared to the lifetimes that
commercial electrolyzers require, so this work is one contribution
along a longer community path rather than a demonstration of commercial
durability.
2026-10-01T00:00:00Z
Text
Journal contribution
10.1021/jacs.6c12618.s001
https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Dual-Modulation_Strategy_in_RuO_sub_x_sub_Improves_Activity_and_Durability_in_Acidic_Oxygen_Evolution/34045582
CC BY-NC 4.0