2026-10-11T18:37:51Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34037032 2026-09-30T21:48:07Z category_4 category_146 category_7 category_19 category_21 category_873 category_734 portal_87 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Design, characterization, and biological assessment of a buccal SNEDDS gel for improved rivaroxaban delivery Dalia A. Gaber (9753104) Biochemistry Space Science Medicine Pharmacology Biotechnology Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Rivaroxaban self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system mucoadhesive buccal gel in vitro drug release bioavailability enhancement <p>Rivaroxaban (RVN) is a direct Factor Xa inhibitor used in the management of thromboembolic disorders; even so, its therapeutic efficacy is restricted by its poor aqueous solubility, variable oral bioavailability, and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. In the present study, a mucoadhesive buccal gel incorporating a rivaroxaban-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (RVN-SNEDDS) was formed and optimized to enhance drug dissolution, mucosal permeation, and systemic bioavailability. RVN-SNEDDS was developed and enclosed into buccal gels formulated with carbomer, hyaluronic acid, or their combination. A factorial design method was applied to investigate the influence of polymer system and concentration on mucoadhesive strength, rheological properties, spreadability, and <i>in vitro</i> drug release. The optimized formulation showed rapid initial drug release, with about one-third of the drug released within the first 5 min and more than 85 ± 4.23% released within 30 min, followed by sustained release behavior. <i>Ex vivo</i> permeation studies showed significantly increase in rivaroxaban transport across buccal mucosa in comparison to conventional formulations. <i>In vivo</i> pharmacokinetic evaluation in rabbits revealed a faster onset of action and a marked increase in systemic bioavailability in compare to the marketed oral tablet. Stability studies confirmed the physical and chemical stability of the optimized gel under storage conditions. These findings show that incorporation of rivaroxaban into a self-nanoemulsifying system followed by formulation into a mucoadhesive buccal gel is a promising strategy for improving drug delivery and therapeutic performance.</p> 2026-09-30T21:48:07Z Text Journal contribution 10.6084/m9.figshare.34037032.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Design_characterization_and_biological_assessment_of_a_buccal_SNEDDS_gel_for_improved_rivaroxaban_delivery/34037032 CC BY 4.0