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oai:figshare.com:article/34036694 2026-09-30T19:15:01Z category_1 category_4 category_19 category_21 category_272 category_873 category_39 category_734 category_133 portal_63 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT) as a Predictor of Herbicide Residue Bioavailability and Phytotoxicity across Contrasting Soil Types Vijay Kumar Aralappanavar (25145924) Casey L. Doolette (3092499) Binoy Sarkar (1876465) Michael Rose (321021) Leigh Donnellan (20456138) Sean Mason (21383897) Peter Hoffmann (232366) Enzo Lombi (206824) Biophysics Biochemistry Pharmacology Biotechnology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified Ecology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Plant Biology triticum aestivum cv root elongation test 180 μg kg herbicide residue concentrations soil types tested wheat root elongation herbicide residue bioavailability extractable imx demonstrated bioavailable herbicide residues extractable imx concentrations quantified using dgt imx residue toxicity solvent extraction technique soil long potential toxicity spiked concentrations subsequent cycles southern australia response analysis following incubation elucidating relationships effective tool diffusive gradients crops sown calibre ), 28 days Herbicides that remain in soil long after their application can be toxic to organisms and crops sown in subsequent cycles. However, quantifying the bioavailability and potential toxicity of herbicide residues across different soil types remains problematic. In this study, we evaluated the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for measuring potentially bioavailable imazamox (IMX) residues in six different soil types from southern Australia. Soils were spiked with IMX (1 to 360 μg IMX kg^–1) and incubated for 28 days. Following incubation, a root elongation test was conducted to assess IMX residue toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Calibre), and herbicide residue concentrations were quantified using DGT (C_DGT) and a solvent extraction technique. Solvent-extractable IMX concentrations were highest in the Sodosol, followed by Tenosol, Vertosol, Chromosol, Dermosol, and Calcarosol for IMX-spiked concentrations between 5 and 180 μg kg^–1. Furthermore, dose-response analysis between wheat root elongation, C_DGT, and solvent-extractable IMX demonstrated that DGT was a more consistent predictor of IMX residue toxicity for all soil types tested. Overall, this study demonstrates that the DGT technique is an effective tool for establishing soil toxicity thresholds across diverse soil types and for elucidating relationships between bioavailable herbicide residues and phytotoxicity. 2026-09-30T00:00:00Z Text Journal contribution 10.1021/acs.est.6c02813.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Diffusive_Gradients_in_Thin-Films_DGT_as_a_Predictor_of_Herbicide_Residue_Bioavailability_and_Phytotoxicity_across_Contrasting_Soil_Types/34036694 CC BY-NC 4.0