2026-10-12T17:59:11Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34036358 2026-09-30T17:50:39Z category_7 category_12 category_13 category_21 category_24 category_45 category_811 category_64 category_132 category_134 portal_5 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

<p>Supplementary Tables (S1-S5).</p> Yang Wang (5921) Liman Wang (575657) Medicine Cell Biology Genetics Biotechnology Evolutionary Biology Sociology Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified Cancer Infectious Diseases Virology treatment effect heterogeneity log household income wave panel data happiness item reached reach statistical significance providing limited evidence individual fixed effects community sports facilities 0 &# 8722 binary exercise participation sports participation sports facilities rated happiness effects model baseline fixed 2016 wave xlink "> substitution hypothesis moderating role mediation accounted iv estimate facility types facility communities directionally consistent cfps 2014 approximately 4 adults ). 818 individuals 326 observations 117 ). 10 scale 075 ). 01 ). <div> <p>Background</p><p>The relationship between sports participation and psychological well-being is well-documented, yet empirical evidence regarding the moderating role of community sports facilities remains inconclusive. This study tests whether facilities amplify or attenuate the well-being returns to exercise, using four-wave panel data from China (CFPS 2014, 2018, 2020, 2022).</p> <p>Methods</p><p>Linear regression models with individual fixed effects were constructed using China Family Panel Studies data (CFPS 2014, 2018, 2020, and 2022; the 2016 wave was excluded because its happiness item reached only 2.5% of adults). The analytical sample comprised 71,326 observations from 23,818 individuals. Self-rated happiness (0−10 scale) was regressed on binary exercise participation, community sports facility count (0−5+), and their interaction, controlling for age and log household income. Robustness was tested via instrumental variable estimation (community mean exercise rate) and propensity score matching.</p> <p>Results</p><p>Exercise positively predicted happiness (β = +0.074, p < 0.001) in the baseline fixed-effects model. The exercise × facility interaction was directionally consistent with the substitution hypothesis but not statistically significant (β = −0.022, p = 0.075). Marginal exercise effects declined from +0.095 in zero-facility communities (p < 0.001) to non-significance where three or more facility types were available. Instrumental variable estimation results (first-stage F = 3231.25; second-stage β = −0.158, p = 0.117). The IV estimate did not reach statistical significance, providing limited evidence on treatment effect heterogeneity. Four-wave balanced panel estimates confirmed the baseline finding (β = +0.074, p < 0.01). CES-D mediation accounted for only approximately 4.6% of the total effect.</p> <p>Conclusions</p><p>Exercise benefits subjective well-being most where community sports facilities are least available—a directionally consistent substitution pattern. Facility investment may yield greater marginal returns when targeted at underserved communities.</p></div> 2026-09-30T17:50:37Z Text Journal contribution 10.1371/journal.pone.0359511.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/_p_Supplementary_Tables_S1-S5_p_/34036358 CC BY 4.0