2026-10-13T20:28:09Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34036274 2026-09-30T17:47:35Z category_15 category_734 category_931 category_106 portal_5 item_type_1 month_year_09_2026

<p>Out-of-sample validation of estimated parameters on the held-out test phase (HC group).</p> Krishn Bera (25145477) Alexander Fengler (24611274) Megan A. Boudewyn (25145480) Cameron S. Carter (5421878) Molly A. Erickson (5954450) James M. Gold (25145483) Steven J. Luck (25145486) J. Daniel Ragland (19372260) Andrew P. Yonelinas (25145489) Angus W. MacDonald III (25145492) Deanna M. Barch (6759263) Michael J. Frank (8703909) Neuroscience Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified Science Policy support robust long novel neurocognitive process limited working memory increase response caution flexibly adapt behavior despite added complexity proactive control mechanisms oriented computational phenotyping computational advances support manipulating wm demands increased wm load slowed incremental rl cognitive control processes rl learning rates disentangle separable learning cognitive control computational modeling wm vs yielded accurate test phase term retention schizophrenia revealed sample test sample prediction rlwm paradigm previous choice people rely often equally given choice decision making <p>Test phase choices were predicted from end-of-training RL values obtained from each participant’s learning phase, with no parameters fit to test data and an identical softmax rule applied to both models, so predictions differed only in the learned values each implied (see Methods). <b>(A)</b> Probability of choosing the higher-valued stimulus by within-participant value-difference tertile, for empirical data (black), PADDL (blue), and the choice-only softmax model (green). The choice-only model overpredicts accuracy, exceeding the empirical estimates at the medium and high bins, whereas PADDL tracks the empirical curve closely. <b>(B)</b> Psychometric function of choosing the right-hand stimulus against the signed value difference (). The choice-only curve is too steep through indifference, the signature of over-separated learned values, while PADDL matches the empirical slope. Shaded bands denote 94% HDI.</p> 2026-09-30T17:56:47Z Image Figure 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014796.g004 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/_p_Out-of-sample_validation_of_estimated_parameters_on_the_held-out_test_phase_HC_group_p_/34036274 CC BY 4.0