2026-10-14T11:03:47Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34036038 2026-09-30T17:43:03Z category_1 category_915 category_21 category_272 category_39 category_734 category_106 portal_5 item_type_1 month_year_09_2026

<p>Forces estimated from wake measurements.</p> L. Christoffer Johansson (8029388) Gabriel Norevik (589846) Sonja Friman (25145400) Anders Hedenström (150704) Biophysics Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified Biotechnology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Ecology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Science Policy using wake visualization reduced span efficiency phenomenon may stem multiple costly behaviors may apply generally kinematic analysis suggests characteristic previously attributed caprimulgus europaeus </ cruising speed efficiency reflects complex tradeoffs european nightjar (< also uses slow div >< p cruising flight — cruising speeds tradeoffs seen slow flight nightjar ’ hummingbirds — wing shape wing folding wind tunnel results highlight particularly interesting makes studies generating lift flight speeds flight performance flapping flight feeding ecology faster speeds existing paradigm ecological demands distance migrant animals engaged aerodynamic mechanisms aerodynamic measurements <p><b>(a)</b> Sample sequence showing the vertical force (top) and thrust (bottom) over time. Vertical blue lines indicate the timing of peak vertical force, and vertical red lines indicate the timing of minimum vertical force. The minimum vertical force coincides with the lower thrust peak (minimum of negative thrust, encircled in red). The peak of the main thrust is delayed compared to the timing of the peak vertical force, as indicated by the blue arrows. Flight speed 9 m/s. <b>(b)</b> The multiple of the wingbeat frequency for the fft analysis of frequency from the thrust data across flight speed suggests dual thrust peaks during the wingbeat. The blue data shows the dominant frequency of the thrust signal divided by the dominant frequency of the vertical force signal (i.e., wingbeat frequency). The orange data show the frequency of the second peak of the thrust signal divided by the dominant frequency of the thrust signal. Data used to produce this figure can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.3004023#pbio.3004023.s029" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>.</p> 2026-09-30T18:03:55Z Image Figure 10.1371/journal.pbio.3004023.g002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/_p_Forces_estimated_from_wake_measurements_p_/34036038 CC BY 4.0