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oai:figshare.com:article/34035735 2026-09-30T17:40:06Z category_7 category_12 category_21 category_24 category_45 category_734 category_64 category_106 portal_5 item_type_1 month_year_09_2026

A. The mean of internalizing and externalizing behaviors by parenting profiles. Xiaoye Xu (24729115) Lauren C. Shuffrey (11209773) Leslie D. Leve (7832714) Alexandra D. W. Sullivan (11827644) Nissa Towe-Goodman (25144963) Margaret M. Swingler (16907916) Jean A. Frazier (7116344) Isha Jalnapurkar (13984749) Sohye Kim (11018175) Alexis Hernandez (90517) Amy J. Elliott (8995469) Qi Zhao (124612) Daniel P. Keating (25144966) Greta N. Wilkening (25144969) Chiaying Wei (25144972) Cindy O. Trevino (18823763) Santiago Morales (11980476) Medicine Cell Biology Biotechnology Evolutionary Biology Sociology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Cancer Science Policy whereas inconsistent discipline utilized path analyses symptom levels increasing 5 &# 8211 three profiles differed children &# 8217 div >< sub xmlns three parenting profiles parenting behaviors play individual parenting dimensions child psychopathology risk parenting profiles identify profiles children ’ broader profiles positive parenting externalizing behaviors specific dimensions socioemotional development single investigation prior research positively related poorer supervision poor supervision negatively related medium supervision examine links echo cohort dimension level current study critical role caregiving environment better supervision 90 years 18 ). The horizontal axis displays child internalizing and externalizing symptom dimensions, while the vertical axis indicates mean severity scores. Colored bars represent the identified parenting profiles. Error bars reflect 95 percent confidence intervals. B. Parenting profile are associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. This path model illustrates the relations between the identified parenting profiles and child outcomes. Numerical values along the pathways represent standardized and unstandardized coefficients. Significant paths are in solid lines, and non-significant paths are in dashed lines. To see the full model including nonsignificant paths and covariates with standardized and unstandardized estimates, see S2 Table in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0356078#pone.0356078.s001" target="_blank">S1 File</a>. Parenting profile membership was specified using dummy coding with Profile 2 (Lower Positive – Medium Supervision) serving as the omitted reference group. Path estimates for Profile 1 (Higher Positive – Better Supervision) and Profile 3 (Medium Positive – Poorer Supervision) represent contrasts relative to Profile 2. Prenatal maternal education, child sex, child ethnicity (Latinx or not), child race, and child age were controlled in the model. *p < .05. **p < .01. 2026-09-30T17:40:01Z Image Figure 10.1371/journal.pone.0356078.g002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/_p_A_The_mean_of_internalizing_and_externalizing_behaviors_by_parenting_profiles_p_/34035735 CC BY 4.0