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oai:figshare.com:article/34034272 2026-09-30T17:22:23Z category_21 category_272 category_39 category_45 category_64 category_106 portal_5 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

<p>Pearson’s <i>r</i> and Spearman rho correlations.</p> Javier I. Borráz-León (8696472) Markus J. Rantala (319607) Indrikis Krams (196403) Dario Maestripieri (353832) Biotechnology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Ecology Sociology Cancer Science Policy strongest independent predictors publicly available sources igg ), would gdp per capita g ., gdp div >< p exploratory analyses suggest ecological correlational study toxoplasma gondii </ cats per 10 across 93 countries broader population exposure determining national well igm seroprevalence remained higher socioeconomic indicators gondii </ subjective well multivariate analyses ecological factors national level underlying mechanisms socioeconomic variables socioeconomic factors pregnant women national happiness interdisciplinary approaches income level income classification include longitudinal igm seroprevalence future studies cat density 000 inhabitants <div><p>National happiness is related not only to socioeconomic factors but also to biological and ecological factors. This ecological correlational study examined associations between national happiness, cat density, <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> exposure, and socioeconomic indicators across 93 countries. We hypothesized that countries with higher socioeconomic indicators (e.g., GDP, health expenditure, income level) would exhibit higher happiness levels. In contrast, we predicted that higher <i>T. gondii</i> exposure, both acute (IgM) and chronic (IgG), would be negatively associated with national happiness. Data on happiness measures, cat density, GDP per capita, income classification, health expenditure, and <i>T. gondii</i> seroprevalence in pregnant women (as a proxy for broader population exposure) were obtained from publicly available sources. In line with our hypothesis, we found that national happiness was positively associated with cat density and some socioeconomic factors and negatively associated with IgM seroprevalence. In multivariate analyses, cats per 10,000 inhabitants and IgM seroprevalence remained the strongest independent predictors. Overall, these exploratory analyses suggest that biological and ecological factors are associated with socioeconomic variables in determining national well-being. Future studies of happiness at the national level should integrate both socioeconomic and biological perspectives and include longitudinal and interdisciplinary approaches to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and processes.</p></div> 2026-09-30T17:22:19Z Text Journal contribution 10.1371/journal.pone.0357911.s003 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/_p_Pearson_s_i_r_i_and_Spearman_rho_correlations_p_/34034272 CC BY 4.0