2026-10-11T21:18:30Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34033359 2026-09-30T15:10:02Z category_4 category_12 category_14 category_21 category_272 category_873 category_734 category_61 category_135 portal_63 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Sustainable Synthesis of Hard Carbon with Abundant Ultramicropores via Magnesium-Ion Catalysis for Kinetically Accelerated Sodium Storage Yixuan Wang (643708) Jiawei Xu (394968) Zihao Sun (8877485) Yanan Ma (2940933) Xiangxue Chen (6558512) Shuolei Deng (6634853) Juntao Yang (2136565) Yizhou Wang (2054761) Helin Wang (1849780) Yu Rao (85442) Qing Yang (67856) Shuhao Liang (25078118) Shijin Bin (25144587) Tong Zhou (3770) Yueming Li (487489) Meng Qin (586114) Biochemistry Cell Biology Molecular Biology Biotechnology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Developmental Biology Computational Biology step pyrolysis strategy robust cyclic stability inducing molecular crosslinking crosslinked precursors carbonize 412 mah g 262 mah g 10 c ). sluggish reaction kinetics remarkable reversible capacity industrially scalable route bamboo powder precursors 10 c ), 2 +</ sup functional groups content thereby constructing ultramicropores derived hc materials sup >+</ sup high c  c  functional groups thereby paving scalable one ice ), derived hc capacity retention affording bamboo ion kinetics work provides temperature carbonization synergistic optimization sustainable synthesis subsequent high still constrained situ </ significantly increase rational design promoting na practical implementation practical deployment lifecycle regulation insufficient low hard carbon graphitization catalyst forming agent filling mechanism employs magnesium electrochemical tests decisive role closed pores Hard carbon (HC) is an extremely promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and holds great commercial potential. However, its practical implementation is still constrained by insufficient low-voltage plateau capacity (<0.1 V), low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, we propose a green and scalable one-step pyrolysis strategy that employs magnesium-ion (Mg²⁺) catalysis to achieve full-lifecycle regulation of bamboo powder precursors, affording bamboo-derived HC with both high CO functional groups content and abundant ultramicropores. Specifically, magnesium acetate selectively hydrolyzes hemicellulose and dissolves lignin during pretreatment, while inducing molecular crosslinking between lignin and cellulose. During the subsequent high-temperature carbonization, the crosslinked precursors carbonize to significantly increase the CO functional groups; meanwhile, Mg²⁺ ions exert dual functions as a graphitization catalyst and a pore-forming agent, inducing localized graphitic domains to bend and deform, thereby constructing ultramicropores <i>in situ</i>. Benefiting from this synergistic optimization, the as-prepared HC anode delivers a remarkable reversible capacity (412 mAh g^–1 at 0.1 C), outstanding rate capability (262 mAh g^–1 at 10 C), and robust cyclic stability (81.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 10 C). Electrochemical tests and <i>in situ</i> characterizations validate an adsorption–intercalation–pore-filling mechanism, underscoring the decisive role of ultramicropores in promoting Na⁺ ion kinetics. This work provides an economical and industrially scalable route for the rational design of closed pores in biomass-derived HC materials, thereby paving the way for the practical deployment of high-performance SIBs in large-scale energy storage systems. 2026-09-30T00:00:00Z Text Journal contribution 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c05117.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Sustainable_Synthesis_of_Hard_Carbon_with_Abundant_Ultramicropores_via_Magnesium-Ion_Catalysis_for_Kinetically_Accelerated_Sodium_Storage/34033359 CC BY-NC 4.0