2026-10-13T19:30:56Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34028473 2026-09-30T01:40:02Z category_1 category_7 category_13 category_272 category_734 category_64 category_132 portal_87 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Recent progress in flame retardant strategies for polyamides Shuheng Wang (9333322) Wenjia Wang (797112) Peng Qi (291905) Tao Zhu (118644) Ye Gao (338234) Jun Sun (48981) Xiaoyu Gu (576058) Richard Horrocks (19981116) Sheng Zhang (111330) Biophysics Medicine Genetics Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Cancer Infectious Diseases Polyamide Flame retardancy Flame retardants Flame-retardant mechanism Composites Fabrics <p>Polyamides (PAs) are widely used engineering plastics because their amide-containing backbones and semi-crystalline structures combine mechanical strength, toughness, wear resistance, chemical resistance, and processability. Their flammability, melt dripping, high heat release and toxic-gas generation nevertheless restrict use in fire-safety-critical applications. This review summarizes recent flame-retardant strategies for aliphatic, semi-aromatic and aromatic PAs, with emphasis on aliphatic PA systems that dominate both academic research and industrial applications. Additive approaches are compared with nano-sized synergists, reactive/copolymer FRs and flame-retardant finishing. The mechanisms responsible for gas-phase radical quenching, condensed-phase charring, barrier formation, melt-dripping control and smoke/toxicity regulation are discussed in relation to PA structure, processing stability and end-use requirements. Nano-sized synergists are treated as supporting components rather than primary FRs, because their main role is to reinforce char, improve dispersion and reduce heat/mass transfer at low loadings. For semi-aromatic and aromatic PAs, the review identifies challenges associated with high processing temperatures, compatibility, mechanical retention and cost. Market requirements, including regulatory compliance, comparative tracking index and glow-wire performance, moisture resistance, toxicity, supply-chain stability and circularity, are further summarized. Finally, future directions are proposed toward integrated formulation design that balances fire performance with processability, durability, mechanical/electrical properties, environmental impact and recyclability.</p> 2026-09-30T01:40:02Z Text Journal contribution 10.6084/m9.figshare.34028473.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Recent_progress_in_flame_retardant_strategies_for_polyamides/34028473 CC BY 4.0