2026-10-06T21:21:55Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34027225 2026-09-29T18:11:17Z category_1 category_146 category_14 category_15 category_16 category_272 category_734 category_122 portal_63 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Estimating Boil-Off Gas Generation in Industrial Cryogenic Storage Tank during Unloading Operations Using CFD Models Suraj Prakash Singh (25138510) Rajagopalan Srinivasan (1826860) Iftekhar A. Karimi (1411291) Biophysics Space Science Molecular Biology Neuroscience Physiology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Mental Health thereby minimizing flaring high computational efficiency dominant controlling parameter 18 ×) increase critical operation carried managing bog effectively initial lng level computational fluid dynamics initial tank pressure holding mode operation various unloading conditions bog generation due unified cfd model mode operation tank pressure baseline holding bog generation weak influence results demonstrate receiving terminals provides recommendations process safety practical tool oversimplified geometries lng tanks lng exporters incoming lng energy consumption end users density exhibit Unloading liquefied natural gas (LNG) from ships is a critical operation carried out at receiving terminals that act as a bridge between LNG exporters and end users. During unloading, a significant amount of boil-off gas (BOG) is generated, which if not managed effectively may compromise tank integrity and process safety. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are commonly used to study the dynamics of BOG generation in LNG tanks. Existing models often rely on oversimplified geometries which restrict their ability to accurately represent key phenomena during unloading. In this work, we propose a unified CFD model that can be used to study top- and bottom-unloading as well as holding mode operation. The proposed axisymmetric 2D model uses a concentric inlet–outlet configuration which enables realistic 3D representation with high computational efficiency. Using this model, we compare the BOG generation during unloading against a baseline holding-mode operation. Our results demonstrate that top-unloading leads to a significant (up to 18×) increase in BOG generation due to flashing of the incoming LNG. Further, initial tank pressure is identified as the dominant controlling parameter; in contrast, the initial LNG level and density exhibit only a weak influence on the boil-off rate (BOR). A correlation has been established between tank pressure and BOR, with an 8.3% decrease in BOR for every 10 kPa increase in tank pressure. This correlation can serve as a practical tool for estimating BOR under various unloading conditions and provides recommendations to operators for managing BOG effectively, thereby minimizing flaring and energy consumption. 2026-09-29T00:00:00Z Text Journal contribution 10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03155.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Estimating_Boil-Off_Gas_Generation_in_Industrial_Cryogenic_Storage_Tank_during_Unloading_Operations_Using_CFD_Models/34027225 CC BY-NC 4.0