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Solid Waste
Burning: An Overlooked Atmospheric Source
of p‑Phenylenediamine Antioxidants and Their
Quinones
Ziying Chen (4904428)
Di Wu (23906)
Yanting Wang (104823)
Jia Yin (287896)
Xiu Chen (1880425)
Mengyang Li (5348192)
Huantao Wang (24346533)
Shi Gu (3112518)
Shunji Li (9249518)
Hongmei Xu (253833)
Jianmin Chen (330051)
Qing Li (84975)
Biochemistry
Space Science
Medicine
Biotechnology
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Sociology
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer
Mental Health
uncontrolled open burning
solid waste burning
open burning accounted
incorporate waste disposal
five tentatively identified
quantitative analysis showed
higher relative abundance
previously overlooked source
open burning pm
overlooked atmospheric source
annotated 47 ppd
suspect screening detected
5 </ sub
overlooked source
targeted analysis
suspect screening
higher concentrations
features detected
p </
n </
incineration pm
g pm
widely used
rubber antioxidants
related features
oxidized derivatives
level esimate
findings suggest
field measurements
estimated emissions
emission inventories
controlled incineration
atmospheric ppds
>′- disubstituted
>- phenylenediamines
54 μg
50 μg
27 ).
20 confirmed
<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-Disubstituted <i>p</i>-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their oxidized derivatives
(PPD-Qs) are widely used as rubber antioxidants, but their atmospheric
sources remain incompletely characterized. Here we systematically
investigate solid waste burning as a previously overlooked source
of atmospheric PPDs and PPD-Qs. Field measurements of uncontrolled
open burning and controlled incineration, combined with suspect screening
and targeted analysis, revealed distinct emission profiles. Suspect
screening detected and annotated 47 PPD-related features (20 confirmed,
five tentatively identified, and 22 provisionally annotated), with
more features detected in open burning PM<sub>2.5</sub> (<i>n</i> = 43) than in incineration PM<sub>2.5</sub> (<i>n</i> =
27). Quantitative analysis showed that open burning predominantly
emitted parent PPDs at higher concentrations (median: 11.54 μg/g
PM<sub>2.5</sub>), whereas incineration was characterized by a higher
relative abundance of PPD-Qs (median: 2.50 μg/g PM<sub>2.5</sub>). In a screening-level esimate for China, open burning accounted
for more than 99.7% of the estimated emissions of the 10 targeted
∑(PPDs + PPD-Qs) from solid waste burning in China. These findings
suggest that solid waste burning is an overlooked source of atmospheric
PPDs and PPD-Qs, indicating the need to incorporate waste disposal
into emission inventories and targeted emission control strategies.
2026-09-29T00:00:00Z
Text
Journal contribution
10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00796.s001
https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Solid_Waste_Burning_An_Overlooked_Atmospheric_Source_of_p_Phenylenediamine_Antioxidants_and_Their_Quinones/34021321
CC BY-NC 4.0