2026-10-06T07:26:59Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34020719 2026-09-29T03:44:38Z category_7 category_39 category_45 category_133 category_135 portal_87 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Complementarity Between Voluntary Sustainability Standards and Agroforestry in the Indonesian Coffee Sector Muhamad Amin Rifai (25134323) Nunung Nuryartono (25134326) Miet Maertens (713528) Medicine Ecology Sociology Plant Biology Computational Biology Agroforestry socio-economic outcomes smallholder coffee farmers voluntary sustainability standards <p>Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) and agroforestry (AF) are distinct approaches to improving sustainability in the agri-food sector. VSS are market-based instruments that promote sustainability by incentivising producers to adopt sustainable farming practices. AF is a farm and land management practice that provides environmental benefits and diversified income sources. Despite their shared sustainability goals, these approaches are rarely examined together, leaving gaps in understanding their interaction. This paper investigates the individual and combined effects of VSS and AF on socioeconomic outcomes in Indonesia’s smallholder coffee sector using cross-sectional data from 403 households across Bandung and Tanggamus Regencies, and OLS, IPW, and IV estimations. We find that VSS is associated with higher yields, revenue, productivity, and income, while AF with lower coffee returns but higher income at farm and household level. While AF alone is associated with lower coffee production, its combination with VSS tend to offsets these losses, generating synergistic complementarities at the farm and household levels. These findings imply that VSS and AF play complementary roles in supporting smallholder livelihoods–with VSS contributing through farm management and price premiums and AF through diversifying and stabilising income–and that policies encouraging coordination between them may improve welfare outcomes.</p> 2026-09-29T03:44:38Z Text Journal contribution 10.6084/m9.figshare.34020719.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Complementarity_Between_Voluntary_Sustainability_Standards_and_Agroforestry_in_the_Indonesian_Coffee_Sector/34020719 CC BY 4.0