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oai:figshare.com:article/34020452 2026-09-29T02:04:00Z category_7 category_13 category_15 category_21 category_272 category_64 category_106 category_122 portal_63 item_type_6 month_year_09_2026

Preconception, Prenatal and Postnatal PM_2.5 Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Disorder Risk among Medicaid Recipients Matthew Shupler (17735579) Xinye Qiu (13737203) Krista F. Huybrechts (9327692) Sonia Hernandez-Diaz (4278457) Wanyu Huang (10259380) Hayon Michelle Choi (4047727) Michael Leung (4984745) Yaguang Wei (2269066) Joel Schwartz (18324) Brent Coull (197207) Evgenia Papatheodorou (6616262) Christopher J. McDougle (6751541) Antonella Zanobetti (27334) Marc Weisskopf (6323681) Stefania Papatheodorou (6839483) Medicine Genetics Neuroscience Biotechnology Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Cancer Science Policy Mental Health level socioeconomic indicators childhood neurodevelopmental disorders age 0 years 2001 – 2013 ld ), speech ci :[ 0 asd ), attention developmental coordination disorder autism spectrum disorder increased adhd risk 5 </ sub higher asd risk critical exposure window week ), prenatal ci :[ 1 cumulative prenatal pm ndds among low 3 </ sup age 1 year exposure may increase hr ): 1 week ), cumulative effects asd existed language disorder hyperactivity disorder behavioral disorder ndd risk dcd risk remains mixed meteorological characteristics income u hazard ratio enrolled mother cohort study child pairs 46 ]) 43 ]) 244 medicaid 10 μg 07 ]) Evidence linking ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remains mixed. We conducted a cohort study (2001–2013) of 1,547,244 Medicaid-enrolled mother-child pairs to assess associations between zip-code–level PM_2.5 exposure during preconception (12-week), prenatal (37-week), and postnatal (3-year) periods and children’s NDD risk. Cox proportional hazards models estimated risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning difficulty (LD), speech/language disorder, developmental coordination disorder (DCD), intellectual disability, and behavioral disorder, adjusting for demographics, meteorological characteristics, and area-level socioeconomic indicators. Distributed lag models assessed critical exposure windows and cumulative effects. A 10 μg/m³ increase in cumulative prenatal PM_2.5 exposure was associated with higher ASD risk (Hazard ratio (HR):1.17; 95%CI:1.00,1.37). A critical exposure window for ASD existed during gestational weeks 23–31 (HR:1.09 95%CI:[1.02,1.17]). Cumulative prenatal PM_2.5 exposure was associated with increased ID risk among Hispanic individuals (HR:1.57 95%CI:[1.02,2.43]) but not among other races/ethnicities. Postnatal PM_2.5 exposure was associated with increased ADHD risk (HR:1.17 95%CI:[0.94,1.46]) at age 0 years and DCD risk (HR:1.72 95%CI:[0.97,3.07]) at age 1 year. No associations between PM_2.5 exposure and other NDDs were found. Prenatal and postnatal PM_2.5 exposure may increase the risk of some NDDs among low-income U.S. children. 2026-09-28T00:00:00Z Text Journal contribution 10.1021/acs.est.6c03766.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Preconception_Prenatal_and_Postnatal_PM_sub_2_5_sub_Exposure_and_Neurodevelopmental_Disorder_Risk_among_Medicaid_Recipients/34020452 CC BY-NC 4.0