2026-10-12T04:15:22Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/34010672 2026-09-28T07:34:35Z category_45 category_734 category_106 portal_87 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Intra-session reliability of the Imagined Timed Up and Go Test: intra- and simultaneous inter-rater analyses in community-dwelling older adults Taisei Inamura (25120673) Yoshinobu Kobayashi (25120676) Rintaro Kawabata (25120679) Teruaki Koshiba (3684856) Kazuaki Uda (12193422) Sociology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Science Policy Estimation error Imagined Timed Up and Go Test intra-rater reliability inter-rater reliability community-dwelling older adults <p>Increased Estimation error (EE), the discrepancy between motor imagery and actual physical function, is reportedly a fall-related risk factor. The reliability of the Imagined Timed Up and Go Test (ITUG) for community-dwelling older adults remains unclear, warranting quantitative assessment before broad clinical use.</p> <p>We aimed to evaluate the ITUG’s intra-session intra-rater and inter-rater reliability.</p> <p>Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and ITUG were performed in older adults with normal cognitive function. EE was defined as ITUG−TUG and Delta time (%) as (TUG−ITUG)/TUG × 100; negative EE and positive Delta time both indicate overestimation of physical ability. Intra-rater reliability was evaluated using repeated within-session measurements and inter-rater reliability using simultaneous timing of the same performance by two examiners within one same-day session. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using a two-way mixed-effects, absolute-agreement, single-measures model for intra-rater reliability (ICC_A,1) and two-way random-effects, absolute-agreement model for inter-rater reliability, reported as average-measures (ICC_2,2) and single-measures (ICC_2,1). Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement (LoA) and the minimal detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC₉₅) were calculated.</p> <p>Eighty-five older adults (mean age [standard deviation], 76.1 [5.4] years; 86% women) were included after 13 of 98 recruited participants were excluded. Participants tended to overestimate their physical abilities (TUG: 6.0 [0.9] s; ITUG: 4.0 [1.4] s). Intra-rater reliability was moderate (ICC_A,1, 0.69–0.73); simultaneous inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC_2,2 ≈ 0.994; ICC_2,1, 0.982–0.984). Intra-rater MDC₉₅ (2.3 s; 35.1%) exceeded inter-rater values (0.3 s; 4.9%), indicating within-session variability. Intra-rater 95% LoA were −2.65 to 1.85 s (EE) and −28.2% to 39.7% (Delta time); inter-rater LoA were −0.47 to 0.39 s and −5.8% to 7.6%.</p> <p>ITUG-derived EE shows moderate same-day intra-rater repeatability and excellent simultaneous inter-rater agreement, supporting further study of its clinical applicability.</p> 2026-09-28T07:34:35Z Dataset Dataset 10.6084/m9.figshare.34010672.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Intra-session_reliability_of_the_Imagined_Timed_Up_and_Go_Test_intra-_and_simultaneous_inter-rater_analyses_in_community-dwelling_older_adults/34010672 CC BY 4.0