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oai:figshare.com:article/34009584 2026-09-28T05:44:47Z category_8 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Supplementary file 1_Inhibitory effects of propyl paraben, citral, and gallic acid on the growth, patulin biosynthesis, and patulin biosynthetic gene expression of Penicillium paneum OM1.docx Ji-Yeon Koo (25120134) Sung-Yong Hong (2118091) Ae-Son Om (25120137) Microbiology citral gallic acid gene expression patulin Penicillium paneum OM1 propyl paraben <p>Penicillium paneum is a phytopathogen that can cause fruit decay and produce patulin in pears. Much information is not available about inhibitory effects of food-grade natural compounds on the patulin production by P. paneum and its growth. In this study, we evaluated the effects of propyl paraben, citral, and gallic acid on patulin accumulation by P. paneum OM1 and its growth on YES (patulin supportive media). Our results showed that its patulin production was below the detection limit due to suppression by 25 μg/mL of propyl paraben or 400 μg/mL of citral and that its growth was inhibited by 14.5% and 42.8%, respectively, at the same levels of each compound. However, gallic acid did not affect the growth of the fungal strain in the range of 100–500 μg/mL, but suppressed the patulin production by 32.9%–37.8% after 7 days of incubation at 25 °C. Additionally, we assessed the expression of 5 key patulin biosynthetic genes in P. paneum OM1 under treatment with each compound. It exhibited that the expression of patK, patL, patN, patG, and patE was down-regulated in P. paneum OM1 except for patE under gallic acid supplementation. Moreover, when 0.25 μg of propyl paraben was applied onto a half of a pear, the patulin produced by P. paneum OM1 was not detected and the application reduced the lesion area on it by 57%. Our data demonstrated the strong inhibitory effect of the low level of propyl paraben on growth of P. paneum OM1 and its patulin production in pear. Our findings could provide new insights in utilization of food-grade natural compounds as antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agents to prevent patulin contamination of pears by P. paneum OM1.</p> 2026-09-28T05:44:47Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1949526.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Supplementary_file_1_Inhibitory_effects_of_propyl_paraben_citral_and_gallic_acid_on_the_growth_patulin_biosynthesis_and_patulin_biosynthetic_gene_expression_of_Penicillium_paneum_OM1_docx/34009584 CC BY 4.0