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Additional file 1 of Academic achievement and socio-demographic differences in ADHD diagnosis: a population-based study of Swedish compulsory school pupils Björn Högberg (21164538) Medicine Neuroscience Biotechnology Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Science Policy Mental Health ADHD Gender Socio-economic status Immigration School Supplementary Material 1. Additional file 1. Directed acyclic graph. Directed acyclic graph illustrating the assumed relationships between sociodemographic characteristics, ADHD, academic achievement, and ADHD diagnosis, including a description of which pathways are blocked and which remain open after adjustment for academic achievement. Additional file 2. Summary statistics on socio-demographic characteristics and academic achievement. Tables showing socio-demographic differences in academic achievement and the distribution of parental education across migration background categories. Additional file 3. Predicted probabilities of ADHD diagnosis underlying Figures 1–3. Table presenting the exact predicted probabilities of ADHD diagnosis from logistic regression models, with and without adjustment for academic achievement, by gender, parental education, and migration background. Additional file 4. Sensitivity analysis defining ADHD diagnosis using only diagnoses from the National Patient Register. Logistic regression results when ADHD diagnosis is defined solely using ICD-10 code F90 (excluding pupils identified through dispensed ADHD medication only), motivated by socio-demographic differences in medication use given diagnosis. Includes a cross-tabulation of pupils with ADHD diagnoses and pharmacological treatment. Additional file 5. Sensitivity analysis with extended diagnostic window. Logistic regression results when ADHD diagnosis is defined as any specialised inpatient or outpatient care visit with an F90 code in the five years prior to, or the same year as, compulsory school graduation. Additional file 6. Sensitivity analysis adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. Logistic regression results with additional adjustment for depression and anxiety disorders (ICD-10: F30–F48; ATC: N05B, N05C, N06A) and conduct disorder (ICD-10: F91), conditions that are commonly comorbid with ADHD and themselves associated with academic achievement. Additional file 7. Models stratified by migration background. Logistic regression results separately estimated for native, second-generation immigrant, and first-generation immigrant pupils, examining whether socio-demographic gradients and the effect of adjustment for achievement differ across these groups. Additional file 8. Moderation analyses. Results from moderation analyses examining (i) whether the association between academic achievement and ADHD diagnosis differs by gender, parental education, or migration background, and (ii) whether socio-demographic differences in ADHD diagnosis differ across achievement deciles. Additional file 9. Missing parental education as separate category. Results from logistic regression models, estimated on the full sample with missing parental education data retained as a separate category rather than excluded. Additional file 10. Robustness to diagnostic timing. Results from analyses addressing potential sociodemographic differences in the timing of first ADHD diagnosis: (i) models adjusting for earlier ADHD diagnosis, and (ii) models in which the outcome is restricted to pupils with a first recorded diagnosis or medication dispensation in the last two years. 2026-09-09T05:00:00Z Dataset Dataset 10.6084/m9.figshare.34001889.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Additional_file_1_of_Academic_achievement_and_socio-demographic_differences_in_ADHD_diagnosis_a_population-based_study_of_Swedish_compulsory_school_pupils/34001889 CC BY