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oai:figshare.com:article/33993178 2026-09-25T05:34:57Z category_393 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Supplementary file 1_Effects of topical Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract cream on IL-22 and filaggrin in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.docx Cut Putri Hazlianda (25107781) Yunita Sari Pane (25107784) Ramona Duma Sari Lubis (25107787) Andrina Yunita Murni Rambe (25107790) Khairuddin Djawad (25107793) Lidya Imelda Laksmi (25107796) Mustafa Mahmud Amin (25107799) Lia Restimulia (25107802) Foetal Development and Medicine anti-inflammatory atopic dermatitis Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. filaggrin interleukin-22 Background<p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and impaired epidermal barrier function. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) contributes to epidermal inflammation and disrupts keratinocyte differentiation, whereas filaggrin is essential for maintaining epidermal barrier integrity. Averrhoa bilimbi leaves contain phytochemical constituents with potential anti-inflammatory activity, but their effects on IL-22 and filaggrin expression in AD remain unclear.</p>Objective<p>To evaluate the effects of topical A. bilimbi leaf ethanolic extract cream (ABLEC) on skin-tissue IL-22 concentrations and filaggrin expression in a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene- and ovalbumin-induced murine model of AD.</p>Methods<p>This randomized posttest-only controlled animal study included 30 male BALB/c mice allocated to six groups (n = 5/group): vehicle control, positive control treated with 0.1% betamethasone valerate, untreated AD control, and ABLEC at 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04%. AD-like inflammation was induced with dinitrofluorobenzene and ovalbumin for 28 days. Assigned topical preparations were subsequently applied at 42 mg to a 6-cm² dorsal skin area every 12 h for 14 days. Cutaneous IL-22 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas filaggrin expression was assessed immunohistochemically and quantified using ImageJ. IL-22 data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc test with Benjamini–Hochberg false-discovery-rate correction; filaggrin expression was analyzed using one-way ANOVA.</p>Results<p>Cutaneous IL-22 concentrations differed significantly among groups (Kruskal–Wallis = 12.927, p = 0.024; ε² = 0.330). The vehicle control, positive control, ABLEC 0.02%, and ABLEC 0.04% groups showed significantly lower IL-22 concentrations than the untreated AD control (adjusted p = 0.024 for each). However, none of the ABLEC groups differed significantly from the vehicle control, indicating that an extract-specific effect could not be demonstrated. Filaggrin expression did not differ significantly among groups (p = 0.547; ω² = 0.000).</p>Conclusion<p>ABLEC at 0.02% and 0.04% were associated with lower cutaneous IL-22 concentrations than the untreated AD control, but similar reductions in the vehicle control precluded demonstration of an extract-specific effect. Furthermore, no statistically detectable difference in filaggrin expression or dose–response relationship was observed.</p> 2026-09-25T05:34:57Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fmed.2026.1883375.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Supplementary_file_1_Effects_of_topical_Averrhoa_bilimbi_leaf_extract_cream_on_IL-22_and_filaggrin_in_a_murine_model_of_atopic_dermatitis_docx/33993178 CC BY 4.0