2026-10-12T23:10:27Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/33973387 2026-09-23T13:16:12Z category_1325 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Data Sheet 1_Oral levamisole as a route-decoupled adjunct to intramuscular foot-and-mouth disease vaccination: a two-species evaluation.pdf Hyeong Won Kim (16010621) So Hui Park (16010624) Mi-Kyeong Ko (12405375) Seokwon Shin (17307466) Jong-Hyeon Park (304975) Min Ja Lee (7554740) Veterinary Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care foot-and-mouth disease virus immunomodulation mice and swine oral levamisole route-decoupled Introduction<p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control still depends largely on inactivated vaccines; however, improving vaccine efficacy without reformulating existing vaccines remains an important practical challenge.</p>Methods<p>We assessed oral levamisole as an independently administered adjunct alongside, but separately from, a conventional intramuscular bivalent FMD vaccine in mice and FMD-seronegative swine. Serotype-specific immune responses were assessed using structural protein (SP) ELISA and virus-neutralization (VN) assays. IgA-associated responses were examined in mouse serum and saliva and in swine serum, while cytokine-related gene transcription was profiled in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Murine post-challenge outcomes and porcine safety were also evaluated.</p>Results<p>Oral levamisole increased antibody and neutralizing responses against FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes O and A in both species. In mice, adjunct treatment improved post-challenge survival (5/5 [100%] with vaccine + levamisole vs. 2/5 [40%] with vaccine alone; log-rank p = 0.004), reduced post-challenge body weight loss, and increased IgA-associated responses.</p>Discussion<p>These findings support oral levamisole as a practical route-decoupled adjunct for enhancing FMD vaccine responsiveness without requiring modification of the injectable vaccine formulation.</p> 2026-09-23T13:16:12Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fvets.2026.1918567.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_Sheet_1_Oral_levamisole_as_a_route-decoupled_adjunct_to_intramuscular_foot-and-mouth_disease_vaccination_a_two-species_evaluation_pdf/33973387 CC BY 4.0