2026-10-10T20:39:08Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/33971284 2026-09-23T05:55:24Z category_133 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Data Sheet 1_Side-deep slow-release nitrogen fertilization combined with panicle-stage urea topdressing improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon footprint, and enhances economic performance in rice systems.docx Mingming Hu (1997701) Zhixin Li (133754) Yongheng Luo (14118951) Kairui Chen (19567552) Ying Xiong (245379) Chuanhai Shu (12698012) Leilei Li (419900) Biao Li (36684) Zhonglin Wang (2268712) Zongkui Chen (12698015) Zhiyuan Yang (29801) Yongjian Sun (1787704) Jun Ma (9393) Plant Biology carbon footprint economic benefits energy use efficiency side-deep placement slow-release nitrogen fertilizer Introduction<p>Although both side-deep placement and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRF) have been widely recognized as effective strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency in rice, the effects of integrating side-deep slow-release nitrogen fertilization combined with urea topdressing on energy efficiency, carbon footprint (CF), and economic performance remain unclear.</p>Methods<p>In this study, seven N treatments were established: no N (0N), traditional fertilization (CK), side-deep placed urea (DU), side-deep placed SRF (DSU), and DSU supplemented with 30% urea at basal, tillering, or panicle stages (DSU+U, DSU+TU, DSU+PU). We systematically evaluated the combined effects of integrating side-deep slow-release nitrogen fertilization combined with urea topdressing on rice productivity, energy input–output structure, CF, and economic performance.</p>Results<p>Compared with CK, side-deep placed SRF treatments significantly increased rice yield by 10.65%–23.54%. Under similar total energy inputs, side-deep placed SRF significantly enhanced energy output and net energy, with energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (EP), and energy profitability (EPF) increasing by 9.62%–22.40%, 8.88%–22.86%, and 10.34%–24.07%, respectively, while specific energy (SE) was reduced. Although side-deep placed SRF increased indirect greenhouse gas emissions, substantial reductions in field CH₄ and N₂O emissions led to significant decreases in CF by 30.69%–41.33%. Meanwhile, yield gains effectively offset higher production costs, resulting in a 22.57%–76.78% increase in net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB). Among all treatments, DSU+PU achieved the highest yield, energy efficiency, and economic returns while maintaining the lowest CF.</p>Discussion<p>Overall, DSU+PU represents a practical cleaner-production strategy that simultaneously enhances energy use efficiency, reduces carbon footprint, and improves economic viability, providing an effective pathway toward sustainable rice production.</p> 2026-09-23T05:55:24Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fpls.2026.1962913.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_Sheet_1_Side-deep_slow-release_nitrogen_fertilization_combined_with_panicle-stage_urea_topdressing_improves_energy_efficiency_reduces_carbon_footprint_and_enhances_economic_performance_in_rice_systems_docx/33971284 CC BY 4.0