2026-10-09T22:40:37Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/33971149 2026-09-23T05:49:59Z category_393 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Supplementary file 4_From toddler to school age: longitudinal motor and cognitive outcomes in children with critical congenital heart disease.docx Eveline Esther Oppelaar (25094539) Maaike Sprong (25094542) Monique van Schooneveld (25094545) Nicolaas J. G. Jansen (12129886) Selma O. Algra (25094548) Renske Schappin (279771) Johannes M. P. J. Breur (3927197) Foetal Development and Medicine cognitive development critical congenital heart disease executive function motor development neurodevelopment quality of life Background<p>Despite improved survival, children with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) face motor, cognitive, and executive functioning (EF) deficits. This can negatively impact their quality of life, yet longitudinal data on these domains and their interrelationships, remain scarce.</p>Methods<p>In this longitudinal cohort study, 29 children with CCHD were assessed at 2 years, of whom 27 children were reassessed at 5 years, and 25 children at 8 years. Age-appropriate standardized instruments were used. Associations were examined using Spearman correlations, with Bonferroni-Holm correction for multiple comparisons.</p>Results<p>Large correlations emerged between the cognition score at 2 years and the total intelligence quotient (IQ) score at 8 years (r = .70, p < .001), and between the total IQ score at 5 years and the total IQ score at 8 years (r = 0.82, p < .001). Cognition scores did not differ from normative means. No significant correlations were found between the motor outcomes at the 3 timepoints. The total motor score at age 5 (M = 6.6, SD = 2.5), and at age 8 (M = 43.6, SD = 7.6) were significantly lower compared to normative means. A substantial proportion of children scored below the 25th percentile on EFs auditory attention (42%; M = 10.2, SD = 3.5) and shifting (35%; M = 11.2, SD = 2.6). Longitudinal cluster analyses revealed a steady low and steady high cluster in both motor and cognitive development with lower birth weight as a risk factor for cognitive impairments.</p>Conclusion<p>Two subgroups emerged with a relatively low, and a relatively high motor and cognitive performance group despite fluctuations in absolute test scores, with lower birthweight forming a risk factor for cognitive impairments. Overall, children showed impaired motor development compared to the normative means. Larger studies are needed to examine the interplay between motor, cognition, and EF development.</p> 2026-09-23T05:49:59Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fped.2026.1943055.s002 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Supplementary_file_4_From_toddler_to_school_age_longitudinal_motor_and_cognitive_outcomes_in_children_with_critical_congenital_heart_disease_docx/33971149 CC BY 4.0