2026-10-11T20:38:59Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/33964413 2026-09-22T11:12:44Z category_1 category_4 category_146 category_21 category_873 category_734 portal_63 item_type_2 month_year_09_2026

Nanoconfinement of Ultrasmall Bismuth in Hard Carbon Enables Ultrahigh-Capacity Sodium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures Yunhong Wei (3114810) Zhiyu Lu (8087399) Huimin Zhang (1428787) Yue Dou (8658462) Wenhui Zhu (3592448) Song Jin (642035) Xianghua Kong (528865) Hengxing Ji (1545091) Biophysics Biochemistry Space Science Biotechnology Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified significant volume changes renewable energy buffering homogeneous precursor network high operating potentials effective design strategy fast charge capability preemptively stabilize bi 520 mah g sup >+</ sup 3 </ sub durable alloy anodes type anodes resulting bi exploiting bi bi ), xanthan gum ultrasmall bismuth term stability temperature sodium temperature operation perform reliably particularly bismuth mitigates alloying ion batteries induced pulverization harsh climates fast na enabling sodium cycling hinder carbon scaffold carbon locking capacity sodium 620 cycles Electrochemical energy storage systems that perform reliably under low temperatures are crucial for applications in transportation, renewable energy buffering, and devices in harsh climates. Alloy-type anodes, particularly bismuth (Bi), are promising for low-temperature sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high operating potentials and fast Na⁺ transport. However, challenges such as significant volume changes during cycling hinder their performance. To address this, we preemptively stabilize Bi by exploiting Bi³⁺-induced ionic bridging with xanthan gum to construct a homogeneous precursor network, followed by carbon locking of sub-10 nm Bi nanoparticles within a hard-carbon scaffold. This design reduces particle migration, mitigates alloying-induced pulverization, and preserves critical Bi–C interfacial contact. The resulting Bi@HC anode shows ultrahigh reversible specific capacity of 520 mAh g^–1 at 0.1 A g^–1 and long-term stability. When paired with a Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode, the full cell retains ∼250 mAh g^–1 after 620 cycles at −40 °C. These results highlight carbon locking as an effective design strategy for durable alloy anodes, enabling sodium-ion batteries with fast charge capability and wide-temperature operation. 2026-09-22T00:00:00Z Dataset Media 10.1021/acsnano.6c12356.s003 https://figshare.com/articles/media/Nanoconfinement_of_Ultrasmall_Bismuth_in_Hard_Carbon_Enables_Ultrahigh-Capacity_Sodium-Ion_Batteries_at_Low_Temperatures/33964413 CC BY-NC 4.0