2026-10-14T02:01:44Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/33960148 2026-09-21T22:14:38Z category_23857 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Multilateral Climate-Finance Approvals and Climate Vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean: Dynamic Panel Evidence, 2006–2024 Wilman Santiago Ochoa Moreno (24506144) Agricultural land management adaptation investment approval–implementation chain climate resilience; developing economies; dynamic fixed effects; institutional capacity; panel-data inference <p dir="ltr">Abstract: Multilateral climate-finance approvals are intended to strengthen adaptive capacity, but approval, disbursement, implementation, and realized resilience are distinct stages. This study examines whether country-specific multilateral climate-finance approvals are associated with lower national climate vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean. A harmonized panel combines ND-GAIN, Climate Funds Update, Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Development Indicators, and EM-DAT data for 20 countries over 1995–2024; estimation covers 2006–2024. Dynamic two-way fixed-effects models are estimated on a common sample of 333 observations from 18 countries with Driscoll–Kraay inference. The preferred specification indicates strong vulnerability persistence (coefficient = 0.784; p < 0.001), while total approvals (0.245; p = 0.505), adaptation approvals (−0.266; p = 0.877), institutional quality (−0.054; p = 0.532), and the finance–institution interaction (0.162; p = 0.800) are imprecisely estimated. Disaster incidence is positively associated with vulnerability under Driscoll–Kraay inference (0.0716; p = 0.032) but not with country-clustered inference (p = 0.122). Results remain substantively unchanged across alternative covariance bandwidths, lagged and cumulative approvals, leave-one-country-out estimates, and a half-panel jackknife correction. The evidence does not establish that climate finance is ineffective; rather, it shows that sparse annual approval flows are an inadequate proxy for executed resilience investment. Credible impact evaluation requires linked information on approvals, disbursements, implementation, completion, and outcomes.</p> 2026-09-21T22:14:38Z Dataset Dataset 10.6084/m9.figshare.33960148.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Multilateral_Climate-Finance_Approvals_and_Climate_Vulnerability_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_Dynamic_Panel_Evidence_2006_2024/33960148 CC BY 4.0