2026-10-14T01:47:20Z https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai

oai:figshare.com:article/33928600 2026-09-18T10:16:05Z category_34 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Table 1_Tradeoff between economic and environmental assessment of paddy-wheat and maize-wheat cropping system in Indian Punjab: a pathway to sustainable agriculture.docx Arshdeep Singh (6292565) Poonam Kataria (25071556) Environmental Science carbon footprint cropping system eco–efficiency GHG emission water footprint <p>Focusing on sustainable production in agriculture, this study evaluates the tradeoff between economic and environmental factors in replacing the Paddy-Wheat (PW) cropping system with the Maize-Wheat (MW) system in Indian Punjab. To evaluate the MW cropping system as a diversification option in Punjab from both economic and environmental perspectives, while comparing it to the PW cropping system across farm sizes. Primary data were collected using multi-stage sampling. Environmental performance was assessed using carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF), while economic performance was evaluated through gross returns, net returns, and benefit–cost ratio. In addition, carbon efficiency (CE), carbon sustainability index (CSI), and eco-efficiency (EE) indicators were estimated to capture resource-use performance relative to environmental impacts. Results show that the PW system generates significantly higher net returns (1709.8 USD ha^-1) than the MW system (1394.0 USD ha^-1). The Farm carbon footprint (FCF) and Product carbon footprint (PCF) of MW and PW systems showed significant differences, with FCFs of 4918 and 11961 kg CO2e ha^-1 and PCFs of 111.4 and 57.2 kg CO2e q^-1, respectively. Crop residue burning was the main GHG source in PW, whereas fertilizer production dominated emissions in MW. Small and medium farms were the most eco-efficient, highlighting the role of farm scale in sustainability outcomes. The findings suggest that while the MW system offers better environmental sustainability, it involves economic trade-offs. Implementing policy measures such as minimum support price, assured procurement, ethanol integration, precision agriculture, and carbon pricing could enhance MW adoption and help to balance economic returns and environmental benefits, encouraging sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices.</p> 2026-09-18T10:16:05Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fenvs.2026.1788317.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Table_1_Tradeoff_between_economic_and_environmental_assessment_of_paddy-wheat_and_maize-wheat_cropping_system_in_Indian_Punjab_a_pathway_to_sustainable_agriculture_docx/33928600 CC BY 4.0