2026-10-10T19:15:24Z
https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai
oai:figshare.com:article/33866952
2026-09-16T17:44:37Z
category_13
category_15
category_21
category_106
portal_5
item_type_3
month_year_09_2026
<p>Dummy variable coding of categorical variables.</p>
Laiju Du (24998838)
Zongpei Dai (19923989)
Xiaoxiao Sun (3488984)
Ming Liu (105953)
Qin Dai (177488)
Genetics
Neuroscience
Biotechnology
Science Policy
two independent samples
psychological outcomes profoundly
hierarchical regression showed
factor structure consisting
exploratory factor analysis
cronbach &# 8217
confirmatory factor analysis
children &# 8217
646 participants completed
chinese college freshmen
resilience may contribute
reducing family conflict
family environment scale
davidson resilience scale
median ppea score
family conflict
scale validation
family cohesion
chinese version
anxiety scale
xlink ">
study aimed
standardized tool
significant predictor
sample 1
risc ).
retest reliability
remains understudied
reliable instrument
reliability testing
prevalent globally
positively associated
perceived parental
parametric tests
original items
negatively associated
influencing factors
findings highlight
expert consultation
efa ),
cv ),
932 ).
825 ).
49 ).
16 items
<div>
<p>Background</p><p>Parental educational anxiety is prevalent globally and impacts children’s psychological outcomes profoundly. However, children’s perceived parental educational anxiety (PPEA) remains understudied, and a standardized tool for PPEA is lacking. Furthermore, the level and influencing factors of PPEA among children remain unclear. This study aimed to revise the Parental Educational Anxiety Scale from a parental perspective to a child-perceived perspective and to further explore its level and influencing factors in college freshmen.</p>
<p>Methods</p><p>The Perceived Parental Educational Anxiety Scale (PPEAS) was revised via pronoun conversion of the original items and expert consultation. Two independent samples were recruited for scale validation: Sample 1 (n = 232) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and Sample 2 (n = 287) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability testing. Subsequently, 646 participants completed the revised PPEAS, the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Non-parametric tests and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were performed.</p>
<p>Results</p><p>EFA identified a three-factor structure consisting of 16 items with adequate model fit (χ²/df = 2.691, RMSEA = 0.077, TLI = 0.919, CFI = 0.932). Analyses confirmed satisfactory internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.922) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.825). The median PPEA score of Chinese college freshmen was 40 (IQR: 32, 49). Hierarchical regression showed that family conflict was positively associated with PPEA, while children’s resilience was negatively associated with PPEA. Contrary to our hypothesis, family cohesion was not a significant predictor in the final model.</p>
<p>Conclusion</p><p>The revised PPEAS exhibits good reliability and validity, providing a reliable instrument for measuring perceived educational anxiety from the children’s perspective. The findings highlight that reducing family conflict and improving children’s resilience may contribute to lower PPEA levels.</p></div>
2026-09-16T17:44:31Z
Dataset
Dataset
10.1371/journal.pone.0358097.t001
https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/_p_Dummy_variable_coding_of_categorical_variables_p_/33866952
CC BY 4.0