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oai:figshare.com:article/33718960 2026-09-14T05:40:24Z category_696 portal_316 item_type_3 month_year_09_2026

Supplementary file 1_Disease-modifying therapies are associated with improved olfactory function via NK cell- microbiota interactions in multiple sclerosis.doc Zhuoma Danzhen (24868363) Zhang Yang (532183) Lan Chu (8665008) Zidan Gao (24868366) Genetic Immunology disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) lymphocyte subsets multiple sclerosis olfactory university of pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) Objective<p>To examine the associations of nasal microbiota with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), lymphocyte subsets and olfactory function in multiple sclerosis (MS).</p>Methods<p>Thirty patients with MS and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Patients were classified as DMT-treated (MS[DMT+]) or untreated (MS[DMT-]). Olfactory function was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and nasal microbiota were analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing.</p>Results<p>Olfactory function was lower in MS than in HCs, and better in MS(DMTs+) than in MS(DMTs−) (p =0.016, 95% CI 0.5614 to 4.941). NK cell counts were lower in MS(DMTs+) than in MS(DMTs−) (p =0.049, 95% CI -244.7 to -0.2109). And NK cell counts in MS(DMTs+) correlate with UPSIT (r =-0.527, p =0.029). Compared with HCs, MS(DMTs−) showed higher Shannon diversity (p =0.038), increased Proteobacteria (p =0.004), reduced Moraxellaceae (p =0.037) and Enterobacteriaceae (p =0.033), and enriched branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis (p =0.026). In MS(DMTs+), Campylobacter, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Prevotella, and Finegoldia were positively correlated with circulating NK cells (all p<0.05).</p>Conclusion<p>DMTs may improve olfactory function in MS, possibly through modulation of circulating NK cell-associated immune status and nasal microbiota, in addition to controlling disease-related inflammation.</p> 2026-09-14T05:40:24Z Dataset Dataset 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1889149.s001 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Supplementary_file_1_Disease-modifying_therapies_are_associated_with_improved_olfactory_function_via_NK_cell-_microbiota_interactions_in_multiple_sclerosis_doc/33718960 CC BY 4.0