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Refugee Participation Network 1988, No. 2a Forced Migration Online (24276783) Migration, asylum and refugee law FORCED MIGRATION ONLINE REFUGEES DEVELOPMENT HUMANITARIAN AID REFUGEE-ASSISTING ORGANIZATIONS A new industry came into being in the years after World War II, and with it a new community, dedicated to the proposition that other peoples are in need of external assistance if they are to reach standards of production and amenities now associated with the industrialized West. The industry is a multinational phenomenon, composed of agencies whose personnel belong to a specialized community with its own assumptions, procedures, and vocabulary - that is, in the anthropologist's terms, it has its own culture. Articel first delivered as the Bernard Memorial Lecture and reprinted with the permission of the author and the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. 2026-09-30T11:16:09Z Text Online resource 10.25446/oxford.33384925.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Refugee_Participation_Network_1988_No_2a/33384925 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0