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oai:figshare.com:article/33359679 2026-09-30T11:57:59Z category_29725 portal_921 item_type_11 month_year_09_2026

Environmental refugees: myth or reality? Forced Migration Online (24276783) Migration, asylum and refugee law FORCED MIGRATION ONLINE ENVIRONMENT ASYLUM SEEKERS PROTECTION INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW FOREIGN RELATIONS This paper, though, is concerned with a third group, who although their case for consideration has been somewhat sidelined in recent years, nonetheless represent an important group of interest to many policy-makers at international level: 'environmental refugees'. Estimates of the number of 'environmental refugees' in the world vary widely, as do definitions and typologies of such flows. The term was first popularised by Lester Brown of the Worldwatch Institute in the 1970s, but perhaps the most quoted contributions on the subject are those of El-Hinnawi (1985) and Jacobson (1988). The latter's estimate of 10 million environmental refugees has been repeated by numerous authors, albeit without independent verification of its accuracy. 2026-09-30T11:57:59Z Text Online resource 10.25446/oxford.33359679.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Environmental_refugees_myth_or_reality_/33359679 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0